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(PDF) The coding manual for qualitative researchers | Jorge Ramón Zarco Laveaga - blogger.com
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Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Zarco Laveaga. Download PDF Download Full PDF Package This paper. A short summary of this paper. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package. Translate PDF. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.
Wolcott, Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln, Corporate social responsibility dissertation propo Allen, and Laura A. Kramer and Chiara M. There, facing you, is all the material you have diligently collected.
Bogdan and Sari Knopp Biklen, Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theories and Methods,pp. The excellence of the research rests in large part on the excellence of the coding. Anselm L. Strauss, Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists,p. This manual does not address such matters as qualitative research design or how to conduct interviews or participant observation fieldwork.
These topics are already masterfully discussed in other textbooks, corporate social responsibility dissertation propo.
The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers is intended as a reference to supplement those existing works. This manual focuses exclusively on codes and coding and how they play a role in the qualitative data analytic process.
For newcomers to qualitative inquiry it presents a repertoire of coding methods in broad brushstrokes. Additional information and extended discussion of the methods can be found in most of the cited sources. This is not intended to standardize terminology within the field, but simply to employ consistency throughout this particular man- ual.
I also wrote this manual because I find it problematic but not difficult to teach coding in my own qualitative research methods course.
I provide students with an array of readings about the process from multiple corporate social responsibility dissertation propo because I have yet to find that single satisfactory book to me that focuses exclusively on the topic. General introductory texts in qualitative inquiry are so numerous and well-written that it becomes difficult not to find the best one to use, but which one of such quality works to select as the primary textbook.
I wanted to provide in a single resource a selected collection of var- ious coding methods developed by other researchers and myself that provides students and colleagues a handy reference for classroom exercises and assign- ments, and for their own independent research for thesis and dissertation field- work and future qualitative studies.
But by no means is it an exhaustive resource. If you need additional information and explanation about the coding methods, check the References. The Coding Manual is intended primarily as a reference work. It is not nec- essarily meant to be read cover-to-cover, but it certainly can be if you wish to acquaint yourself with all 29 coding methods profiles and their analytic possi- bilities.
There are, in fact, several principles related to coding matters not dis- cussed in the first two chapters that are unique to some of the profiles. If you choose to review all the contents, read selected sections at a time, not all of them in one sitting, otherwise it can overwhelm you. Like an academic curriculum, the sequential order of the profiles has been carefully considered.
What is a Code? The data can consist of inter- view transcripts, participant observation field notes, journals, corporate social responsibility dissertation propo, documents, lit- erature, artifacts, photographs, video, websites, e-mail correspondence, and so on. The portion of data to be coded during First Cycle coding processes can range in magnitude from a single word to a full sentence to an entire page of text to a stream of moving images.
In Second Cycle coding processes, the portions coded can be the exact same units, longer passages of text, and even a reconfiguration of the codes themselves developed thus far.
Coding examples An example of a coded datum, corporate social responsibility dissertation propo, as it is presented in this manual, looks like this when taken from a set of field notes about an inner city neighborhood, corporate social responsibility dissertation propo.
The one-word capitalized code in the right corporate social responsibility dissertation propo is called a Descriptive Code, which summarizes the primary topic of the excerpt: 1 1 I notice that the grand majority of homes have chain SECURITY link fences in front of them. The codes are based on what outcomes the student receives from his mentor.
He has never SENSE OF SELF-WORTH told me but he does. Did other words or phrases run through your mind as you read the data? Also be aware that a code can sometimes summarize or condense data, not sim- ply reduce it.
The introductory examples above were kept purposely simple and direct. The codes emerge from the perspective of middle- and junior high school years as a difficult period for most youth.
Note that when we reflect on a passage of data to decipher its core mean- ing, we are decoding; when we determine its appropriate code and label it, we are encoding.
For ease of reference throughout this manual, coding will be the sole term used. Simply understand that coding is the transitional process between data collection and more extensive data analysis.
This is due primarily to the short length of the excerpts. In larger and complete data sets, you will find that several to many of the same codes will be used repeatedly throughout. In the example below, corporate social responsibility dissertation propo, note how the same Process Code a word or phrase which captures action is used twice during this small unit of elementary school classroom activity: 1 1 Mrs.
Row One. Some of the seated children talk to each other. Another way the above passage could be coded is to acknowledge that MAN- AGING BEHAVIOR is not a separate action or an interruption of the rou- tine that disrupts the flow of LINING UP FOR LUNCH, but to interpret that MANAGING BEHAVIOR is an embedded or interconnected part of the larger social scheme that composes LINING UP FOR LUNCH.
The coding might appear thusly, using a method called Simultaneous Coding which applies two or more codes within a single datum : 1 1 Mrs. BEHAVIOR 1 Row Two. Take note of some important caveats when corporate social responsibility dissertation propo comes to understanding pat- terns and regularity: idiosyncrasy is a pattern Saldaña,pp.
Sometimes we code and categorize data corporate social responsibility dissertation propo what participants talk about. They may all share with you their personal perceptions of school experiences, for example, but their individual value, attitude, and belief systems about education may vary greatly from being bored and disengaged to being enthusiastic and intrinsi- cally motivated. When you search for patterns in coded data to categorize them, understand that sometimes you may group things together not just because they are exactly alike or very much alike, but because they might also have something in common — even if, paradoxically, that commonality con- sists of differences.
For example, each one of us may have a strong opinion about who should be leading our country. The fact that we each have an individual opinion about that issue is what we have in common. Finally, Hatch offers that you think of patterns not just as sta- ble regularities but as varying forms. But how you perceive and interpret what is happening in the data depends on what type of filter covers that lens. Round them up and send those criminals back to where they came from.
The corporate social responsibility dissertation propo of coding methods in this manual is a repertoire of possible filters to consider and apply to your approaches to qualitative inquiry. And it is not only your approach to qualita- tive inquiry e. Coding is only the initial step toward an even more rigorous and evocative analysis and interpre- tation for a report.
And, coding is a cyclical act. Rarely is the first cycle of coding data perfectly attempted. Unfortunately, some use the terms code and category interchange- ably and even in combination when they are, in fact, two separate components of data analysis. I advocate that qualitative codes are essence-capturing and essential elements of corporate social responsibility dissertation propo research story that, when clustered together accord- ing to similarity and regularity — a pattern — they actively facilitate the devel- opment of categories and thus analysis of their connections.
Codifying and Categorizing To codify is to arrange things in a systematic order, to make something part of a system or classification, to categorize.
As their study continued, another major category emerged labeled Teacher Skills with the subcategories Instructional Skills and Management Skills. One major theme was IDENTITY, and its related categories were Ethnicity, Language, and Religion.
For example, if an emergent cat- egory in a case study is labeled Physical Health, its rule for inclusion as a propositional statement might read: Physical Health: The participant shares matters related to physical health such as wellness, corporate social responsibility dissertation propo, medication, pain, etc. Recoding and recategorizing Rarely will anyone get coding right the first time.
Qualitative inquiry demands meticulous attention to language and deep reflection on the emergent patterns and meanings of human experience. Recoding can occur with a more attuned perspective using First Cycle methods again, while Second Cycle methods describe those processes that might be employed during the second and third and possibly fourth … review of data. As you code and recode, expect — or rather, corporate social responsibility dissertation propo, strive for — your codes and cat- egories to become more refined, corporate social responsibility dissertation propo.
Some of your First Cycle codes may be later subsumed by other codes, corporate social responsibility dissertation propo, relabeled, or dropped all together. As you progress toward Second Cycle coding, there may be some rearrangement and reclassi- fication of coded data into different and even new categories. For example, I observed and interviewed fourth and fifth grade children to learn the ways they hurt and oppress each other Saldaña, b.
This was preparatory fieldwork before an action research project that attempted to empower children with strategies, learned through improvised dramatic simu- lations and role-playing, for dealing with bullying in the school environment. I initially categorized corporate social responsibility dissertation propo responses into Physical and Verbal forms of oppression.
From codes and categories to theory Some categories may contain clusters of coded data that merit further refinement into subcategories. As a corporate social responsibility dissertation propo basic process, codifying usually follows an ideal and streamlined scheme as illustrated in Figure 1. Keep in mind that the actual act of reaching theory is much more com- plex and messy than illustrated.
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Web del instituto Octavio Cuartero de Villarrobledo (Albacete) Expatica is the international community’s online home away from home. A must-read for English-speaking expatriates and internationals across Europe, Expatica provides a tailored local news service and essential information on living, working, and moving to your country of choice. With in-depth features, Expatica brings the international community closer together Oct 13, · 2, Likes, Comments - University of South Carolina (@uofsc) on Instagram: “Do you know a future Gamecock thinking about #GoingGarnet? �� ••• Tag them to make sure they apply ”
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